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require 5.006; package Text::Unidecode; # Time-stamp: "2001-07-14 02:29:41 MDT" use utf8; use strict; use integer; # vroom vroom! use vars qw($VERSION @ISA @EXPORT @Char $NULLMAP); $VERSION = '0.04'; require Exporter; @ISA = ('Exporter'); @EXPORT = ('unidecode'); BEGIN { *DEBUG = sub () {0} unless defined &DEBUG } $NULLMAP = [('[?] ') x 0x100]; # for blocks we can't load #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- { my $x = join '', "\x00" .. "\x7F"; die "the 7-bit purity test fails!" unless $x eq unidecode($x); } #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- sub unidecode { # Destructive in void context -- in other contexts, nondestructive. unless(@_) { # Nothing coming in return() if wantarray; return ''; } @_ = map $_, @_ if defined wantarray; # We're in list or scalar context, NOT void context. # So make @_'s items no longer be aliases. # Otherwise, let @_ be aliases, and alter in-place. foreach my $x (@_) { next unless defined $x; $x =~ s~([^\x00-\x7f])~${$Char[ord($1)>>8]||t($1)}[ord($1)&255]~egs; # Replace character 0xABCD with $Char[0xAB][0xCD], loading # the table as needed. } return unless defined wantarray; # void context return @_ if wantarray; # normal list context -- return the copies # Else normal scalar context: return $_[0] if @_ == 1; return join '', @_; # rarer fallthru: a list in, but a scalar out. } sub t { # load (and return) a char table for this character # this should get called only once per table per session. my $bank = ord($_[0]) >> 8; return $Char[$bank] if $Char[$bank]; { DEBUG and printf "Loading %s::x%02x\n", __PACKAGE__, $bank; local $SIG{'__DIE__'}; eval(sprintf 'require %s::x%02x;', __PACKAGE__, $bank); } # Now see how that fared... if(ref($Char[$bank] || '') ne 'ARRAY') { DEBUG > 1 and print " Loading failed for bank $bank (err $@). Using null map.\n"; return $Char[$bank] = $NULLMAP; } else { DEBUG > 1 and print " Succeeded.\n"; if(DEBUG) { # Sanity-check it: my $cb = $Char[$bank]; unless(@$cb == 256) { printf "Block x%02x is of size %d -- chopping to 256\n", scalar(@$cb); $#$cb = 255; # pre-extend the array, or chop it to size. } for(my $i = 0; $i < 256; ++$i) { unless(defined $cb->[$i]) { printf "Undef at position %d in block x%02x\n", $i, $bank; $cb->[$i] = ''; } } } return $Char[$bank]; } } #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1; __END__ =head1 NAME Text::Unidecode -- US-ASCII transliterations of Unicode text =head1 SYNOPSIS use utf8; use Text::Unidecode; print unidecode( "\x{5317}\x{4EB0}\n" # those are the Chinese characters for Beijing ); # That prints: Bei Jing =head1 DESCRIPTION It often happens that you have non-Roman text data in Unicode, but you can't display it -- usually because you're trying to show it to a user via an application that doesn't support Unicode, or because the fonts you need aren't accessible. You could represent the Unicode characters as "???????" or "\15BA\15A0\1610...", but that's nearly useless to the user who actually wants to read what the text says. What Text::Unidecode provides is a function, C<unidecode(...)> that takes Unicode data and tries to represent it in US-ASCII characters (i.e., the universally displayable characters between 0x00 and 0x7F). The representation is almost always an attempt at I<transliteration> -- i.e., conveying, in Roman letters, the pronunciation expressed by the text in some other writing system. (See the example in the synopsis.) Unidecode's ability to transliterate is limited by two factors: =over =item * The amount and quality of data in the original So if you have Hebrew data that has no vowel points in it, then Unidecode cannot guess what vowels should appear in a pronounciation. S f y hv n vwls n th npt, y wn't gt ny vwls n th tpt. (This is a specific application of the general principle of "Garbage In, Garbage Out".) =item * Basic limitations in the Unidecode design Writing a real and clever transliteration algorithm for any single language usually requires a lot of time, and at least a passable knowledge of the language involved. But Unicode text can convey more languages than I could possibly learn (much less create a transliterator for) in the entire rest of my lifetime. So I put a cap on how intelligent Unidecode could be, by insisting that it support only context-I<in>sensitive transliteration. That means missing the finer details of any given writing system, while still hopefully being useful. =back Unidecode, in other words, is quick and dirty. Sometimes the output is not so dirty at all: Russian and Greek seem to work passably; and while Thaana (Divehi, AKA Maldivian) is a definitely non-Western writing system, setting up a mapping from it to Roman letters seems to work pretty well. But sometimes the output is I<very dirty:> Unidecode does quite badly on Japanese and Thai. If you want a smarter transliteration for a particular language than Unidecode provides, then you should look for (or write) a transliteration algorithm specific to that language, and apply it instead of (or at least before) applying Unidecode. In other words, Unidecode's approach is broad (knowing about dozens of writing systems), but shallow (not being meticulous about any of them). =head1 FUNCTIONS Text::Unidecode provides one function, C<unidecode(...)>, which is exported by default. It can be used in a variety of calling contexts: =over =item C<$out = unidecode($in);> # scalar context This returns a copy of $in, transliterated. =item C<$out = unidecode(@in);> # scalar context This is the same as C<$out = unidecode(join '', @in);> =item C<@out = unidecode(@in);> # list context This returns a list consisting of copies of @in, each transliterated. This is the same as C<@out = map scalar(unidecode($_)), @in;> =item C<unidecode(@items);> # void context =item C<unidecode(@bar, $foo, @baz);> # void context Each item on input is replaced with its transliteration. This is the same as C<for(@bar, $foo, @baz) { $_ = unidecode($_) }> =back You should make a minimum of assumptions about the output of C<unidecode(...)>. For example, if you assume an all-alphabetic (Unicode) string passed to C<unidecode(...)> will return an all-alphabetic string, you're wrong -- some alphabetic Unicode characters are transliterated as strings containing punctuation (e.g., the Armenian letter at 0x0539 currently transliterates as C<T`>. However, these are the assumptions you I<can> make: =over =item * Each character 0x0000 - 0x007F transliterates as itself. That is, C<unidecode(...)> is 7-bit pure. =item * The output of C<unidecode(...)> always consists entirely of US-ASCII characters -- i.e., characters 0x0000 - 0x007F. =item * All Unicode characters translate to a sequence of (any number of) characters that are newline ("\n") or in the range 0x0020-0x007E. That is, no Unicode character translates to "\x01", for example. (Altho if you have a "\x01" on input, you'll get a "\x01" in output.) =item * Yes, some transliterations produce a "\n" -- but just a few, and only with good reason. Note that the value of newline ("\n") varies from platform to platform -- see L<perlport/perlport>. =item * Some Unicode characters may transliterate to nothing (i.e., empty string). =item * Very many Unicode characters transliterate to multi-character sequences. E.g., Han character 0x5317 transliterates as the four-character string "Bei ". =item * Within these constraints, I may change the transliteration of characters in future versions. For example, if someone convinces me that the Armenian letter at 0x0539, currently transliterated as "T`", would be better transliterated as "D", I may well make that change. =back =head1 DESIGN GOALS AND CONSTRAINTS Text::Unidecode is meant to be a transliterator-of-last resort, to be used once you've decided that you can't just display the Unicode data as is, and once you've decided you don't have a more clever, language-specific transliterator available. It transliterates context-insensitively -- that is, a given character is replaced with the same US-ASCII (7-bit ASCII) character or characters, no matter what the surrounding character are. The main reason I'm making Text::Unidecode work with only context-insensitive substitution is that it's fast, dumb, and straightforward enough to be feasable. It doesn't tax my (quite limited) knowledge of world languages. It doesn't require me writing a hundred lines of code to get the Thai syllabification right (and never knowing whether I've gotten it wrong, because I don't know Thai), or spending a year trying to get Text::Unidecode to use the ChaSen algorithm for Japanese, or trying to write heuristics for telling the difference between Japanese, Chinese, or Korean, so it knows how to transliterate any given Uni-Han glyph. And moreover, context-insensitive substitution is still mostly useful, but still clearly couldn't be mistaken for authoritative. Text::Unidecode is an example of the 80/20 rule in action -- you get 80% of the usefulness using just 20% of a "real" solution. A "real" approach to transliteration for any given language can involve such increasingly tricky contextual factors as these =over =item The previous / preceding character(s) What a given symbol "X" means, could depend on whether it's followed by a consonant, or by vowel, or by some diacritic character. =item Syllables A character "X" at end of a syllable could mean something different from when it's at the start -- which is especially problematic when the language involved doesn't explicitly mark where one syllable stops and the next starts. =item Parts of speech What "X" sounds like at the end of a word, depends on whether that word is a noun, or a verb, or what. =item Meaning By semantic context, you can tell that this ideogram "X" means "shoe" (pronounced one way) and not "time" (pronounced another), and that's how you know to transliterate it one way instead of the other. =item Origin of the word "X" means one thing in loanwords and/or placenames (and derivatives thereof), and another in native words. =item "It's just that way" "X" normally makes the /X/ sound, except for this list of seventy exceptions (and words based on them, sometimes indirectly). Or: you never can tell which of the three ways to pronounce "X" this word actually uses; you just have to know which it is, so keep a dictionary on hand! =item Language The character "X" is actually used in several different languages, and you have to figure out which you're looking at before you can determine how to transliterate it. =back Out of a desire to avoid being mired in I<any> of these kinds of contextual factors, I chose to exclude I<all of them> and just stick with context-insensitive replacement. =head1 TODO Things that need tending to are detailed in the TODO.txt file, included in this distribution. Normal installs probably don't leave the TODO.txt lying around, but if nothing else, you can see it at http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=Text::Unidecode =head1 MOTTO The Text::Unidecode motto is: It's better than nothing! ...in both meanings: 1) seeing the output of C<unidecode(...)> is better than just having all font-unavailable Unicode characters replaced with "?"'s, or rendered as gibberish; and 2) it's the worst, i.e., there's nothing that Text::Unidecode's algorithm is better than. =head1 CAVEATS If you get really implausible nonsense out of C<unidecode(...)>, make sure that the input data really is a utf8 string. See L<perlunicode/perlunicode>. =head1 THANKS Thanks to Harald Tveit Alvestrand, Abhijit Menon-Sen, and Mark-Jason Dominus. =head1 SEE ALSO Unicode Consortium: http://www.unicode.org/ Geoffrey Sampson. 1990. I<Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction.> ISBN: 0804717567 Randall K. Barry (editor). 1997. I<ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Transliteration Schemes for Non-Roman Scripts.> ISBN: 0844409405 [ALA is the American Library Association; LC is the Library of Congress.] Rupert Snell. 2000. I<Beginner's Hindi Script (Teach Yourself Books).> ISBN: 0658009109 =head1 COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMERS Copyright (c) 2001 Sean M. Burke. All rights reserved. This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but without any warranty; without even the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Much of Text::Unidecode's internal data is based on data from The Unicode Consortium, with which I am unafiliated. =head1 AUTHOR Sean M. Burke C<sburke@cpan.org> =cut #################### SCOOBIE SNACK #################### Lest there be any REMAINING doubt that the Unicode Consortium has a sense of humor, the CDROM that comes with /The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0/ book, has an audio track of the Unicode anthem [!]. The lyrics are: Unicode, Oh Unicode! -------------------- Oh, beautiful for Uni-Han, for spacious User Zone! For rampant scripts of India and polar Nunavut! Chorus: Unicode, Oh Unicode! May all your code points shine forever and your beacon light the world! Oh, marvelous for sixteen bits, for precious surrogates! For Bi-Di algorithm dear and stalwart I-P-A! Oh, glorious for Hangul fair, for symbols mathematical! For myriad exotic scripts and punctuation we adore! # End.